AsianScientist (Mar. 30, 2018) – A research group at Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan, has identified a microRNA that allows prostate cancer cells to remodel bone. They published their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men worldwide. In nearly three out of four patients, the cancer undergoes metastasis, leaving the original site of the tumor and spreading to distant sites in the body. Metastatic prostate cancer cells often travel to bone, where they can affect bone structure and cause severe pain, pathological fractures and spinal cord compression. A better understanding of the process that enables these cancer cells to remodel bone may aid in the search for new therapies.
In the present study, researchers led by Dr. Kyoko Hashimoto of TMDU report the discovery of an RNA molecule that may play a key role in bone restructuring by metastatic prostate cancer cells. Proper bone development is maintained through a fine balance of bone-forming (osteoblast) and bone-resorbing (osteoclast) cells. Tumor cells that metastasize to bone modify the activity of osteoblast and osteoclast cells.
“Metastatic tumor cells can promote either bone formation or bone resorption,” said Hashimoto. “Osteoblastic lesions are bone-forming sites that are commonly found in prostate cancer. These lesions cause structural weakness in the bone and, even worse, promote additional tumor growth. If we can figure out how prostate cancer cells alter the environment inside bone to induce this osteoblastic process, we can start to identify new therapeutic targets.”
To accomplish this, the researchers looked for differences between bone-forming prostate cancer cells and bone-resorbing breast cancer cells. They focused on microRNAs, short RNA molecules that regulate the expression of a variety of genes. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs are exchanged among cells via exosomes, serving as intercellular communication tools. MicroRNAs secreted by cancer cells can alter the expression of genes in non-cancerous cells, disrupting their normal function and promoting tumor growth.
The team looked at a panel of microRNAs and compared their abundance in exosomes derived from prostate cancer and breast cancer. One specific microRNA, miR-940, was highly abundant in prostate cancer-derived exosomes and was found to play a powerful role in promoting bone formation.
“We found that miR-940 can be secreted from metastatic cancer cells and alter gene expression in cells that reside in bone, causing them to take on osteoblast-like properties,” Hashimoto added. “Moreover, when implanted into the tibia or onto the skull of mice, we discovered that cells expressing miR-940 can induce the kind of osteoblastic lesions that are typical of prostate cancer.”
Strikingly, when miR-940 was expressed in bone-resorbing breast cancer cells, the cells triggered bone-forming lesions in mice, behaving as though they were prostate cancer cells. Their findings suggest that miR-940 plays a central role in the bone-forming ability of cancers.
“Our study suggests that microRNAs are an important factor that modify bone remodeling and promote tumor growth in metastatic prostate cancer,” said Assistant Professor Shingo Sato of TMDU, who is a senior corresponding author of the paper.
“Once cancer has metastasized to bone it is usually incurable, so any insight into the process of metastasis is immensely helpful in the search for novel therapies. We’re hopeful that our findings will eventually open a new pathway for therapeutic targets for this form of cancer.”
The article can be found at: Hashimoto et al. (2018) Cancer-secreted hsa-miR-940 Induces an Osteoblastic Phenotype in the Bone Metastatic Microenvironment via Targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A.
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Source: Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Photo: Shutterstock.
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